What is T-shaped knowledge ?

"aha!" thinking is different from general intelligence
"There might be a solution" attitude opens new opportunities to solve problems
"We will figure it out" attitude is the best to solve any problems
3 act structure
3 types of business in sharing information
3 types of experimenting to generate data and spark new insights
5 stages design thinking process by Stanford d.school
6 stages design thinking process by IDEO
7 billion human beings on the planet
80 20 Rule - 20 percent of variables causes 80 percent of effects in a large system
200 years ago nobody had antibiotics. Nobody had cars. Nobody had electricity. Nobody had the iPhone. All of these things are inventions that have made us wealthier as a species.
1000 years of creative thinking have progressively separated us from our ancient ancestors and augmented our abilities
A clear sentence is no accident
A physical system contains information if it exhibits organisation
A stamp for all reasons
Abstract concepts
Abstractions
Accepting ignorance is the perfect state for receiving new information
Access guides by Richard Saul Wurman
Access is the antidote to information anxiety
Access to tools
Accessibility - design should be usable by as many people as possible without modification
Accidental natural evolution vs intentional human innovation
Accuracy alone does not make things understandable
Active Learning
Active voice vs Passive voice in information design
Actively watch customers to see what products they hire to do what jobs
Adaptive Systems
ADD - ADHD
Advance organiser - to help people understand new info in terms of what they already know
Aesthetic-Usability Effect - more aesthetic designs are perceived as easier to use
affordances
Agile
Agreed standards
AI will generate new knowledge - Sam Altman
Algebrization - over automatization of an object
Alignment
All artificial things are designed
All computer processes could be traced and plotted and were bound by a binary on-off system operation
All failures are just lack of knowledge
All information comes to you filtered through someone else's point of view or bias
All information looks like noise until you break the code
All things are already possible, but they don't seem plausible
All we have to do is figure out how to reconfigure the existing atoms and particles out there to do what we want
Alliteration
Altered states - meditation, exercise - a different state can remove mental obstacles and take your brain to new places
Altering Element Interactivity and Intrinsic Cognitive load
Altering Intrinsic Cognitive Load
Alternative representations for overcoming information inequalities
Always eliminate the distraction to the resolution of the problem
Amplification through simplification
Amplitude of sound
An efficiency-maximising mindset is suitable only for continuous improvement or production not for innovation
An idea mundane in one group can be a valuable insight in other
Analogical Thinking
Anatomy
Andragogy
Anthropologist’s role is the biggest source of innovation in IDEO
Anything that are not forbidden by the laws of physics are possible
Apperception
apple's simple and elegant website for iPhone 4 in June 2010
Approximations
Arbitrary knowledge
Archaic expressions
Archetypes
Argument is sound if the conclusion follows from the premises and the premises are true
Argument is valid if the conclusion follows from the premises irrespective of the truthiness of the premises
Argument is valid is the conclusion follows from the premises irrespective of the truthiness of the premises]
Arguments
Aristotle on making familiar strange
Art
Art as Technique
As information technology matures, the focus will turn away from the machines themselves toward the information itself
As more knowledge were collected - the fields split into their own specialisms
As you search the world for surprises remember to engage all you senses
Ask "what caused?" questions
Ask "what if" question to impose constraints
Ask "what if" questions
Ask "what if" questions to eliminate constraints
Ask "what is?" questions
Ask “why?” and “why not?” questions
Asking lot of questions is the key to generate powerful solutions to problems
Association
Associational thinking
Astronomical number of associations in brain is responsible for consciousness and thinking
Atomic Notes
Attractiveness Bias
Augmented Reality
Augmenting human capabilities
Authority bias - whenever you are about to make a decision, think about the authority figures who might be exerting an influence on your reasoning
Autopoietic system
Baby-Face Bias
Backtalk of self-generated sketches
Be patient toward all that is unsolved in your heart and try to love the questions themselves
Beat in music
Behaviourism
Being in a new environment allow us to ask dumb questions about how and why things work
Better designed experiment (vs) random experiments
Better theory is enough over infinite facts
Better to ignore information that you don't understand than trying to act upon it
Big picture
Biological inheritance vs cultural inheritance
Biologically primary knowledge vs biologically secondary knowledge
Biomimicry - by looking at nature, you come up with ideas you could never have thought of on your own
Bionic reading app
Black Box Method
Blind watch maker
Block Diagram - for Concepts
Bloom's taxonomy
Blueprints
Book
Book vs concept maps
Books and other resources
Boredom can also due to information overload
Borrowing and Reorganising Principle
bouba-kiki effect
Boundaries of design thinking
Box model
Brace map
Brain has evolved to be energy-efficient
Brain is for having ideas, not storing them
Brain is not like a computer
Brain Storming
Brain's four modes
Brainstorming produced fewer and less diverse ideas than the same number of lone thinkers
Break it into little pieces
Break the problem apart for solving it
Bridge map
Bubble map
Build solution in a way that your customers do what they do best
Build your own curiosity box
Building on what we know - learning existing knowledge is crucial for the creation of new knowledge
Building vitamin or painkiller
Bullet-proof definition
Byte byte go's YT animated gif
Can there be other ways of organising information that are yet to be created?
Can we call computers creative?
Can we create a map for knowledge?
Cartography
Catch-22 situation
Cause and Effect chain
Cause Effect relationship
Celebrate the natural divergence people have as super powers
CGI vs VFX vs SFX
Change the environment to observe more
Channel, storage and retrieval capacities of hardware are rapidly growing where human capacities hasn't increased the same way
Checkhov's gun
Cherokee language's distinction for direct and indirect knowledge
Chief information officer - CIO
Child asks more why qn - adult stop asking it
Chords in music
Chose to diverge
Chunking - break down information into smaller, manageable units or chunks
Cinema is built upon illusions
Circle map
Civilisation advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them
Clarke's three laws
Classical conditioning
Classification of senses
Clickbait
Closure
Clustering illusion - we are over sensitive to pattern recognition
Coarse-grained
Cognitive art
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Load Theory
cognitive psychology
Cognitivism
Collectives of technology and of known phenomena advance in tandem
Colloquialism
Colour
Come to the edge
Comics
Common Fate
Common Indicators
Communication
Communication equals remembering what it's like not to know
Comparison - to convincingly illustrate patterns and relationships
Complex ideas
Complexity is made up of simplicity
Composition
Compositionality - the property of being composable
Computation
Computational irreducibility
Computers are marvellously predictable devices and we are marvellously unpredictable creatures
Computers are tools we rely on for accuracy, not for volatility like humans - don't have conscious intent
Concept
Concept Anchoring Routine
Concept is important than the word used to represent it
Concept map is similar to Google earth
Concept Mapping
Concept Mastery Routine
Conceptual knowledge - underlying principles, concepts, frameworks and relationships
Conceptual model of the system
Conditional Knowledge - when and why something to be used - judgement
Conduit metaphor
Cone of plausibility
Confirmation
Confirmation bias - we interpret new info so that it becomes compatible with out existing beliefs
Conjunctive binding
Connect unusual things to create something novel
Connected information is better remembered
Connectivism
Conscious
Consciously approach the work and life with hypothesis-testing mindset
Considering things in terms of big picture gives you opportunity to make connections
Consistency
Consistent Design
Consonants
Constancy
Constraint
Constraints reduce the amount that must be learned to a reasonable quantity
Constraints simplify memory
Constructivism
Context
Contextual priming
Contrarian bet
Contrarianism - don't take things at face value - look for alternatives
Contrast effect - we judge something to be beautiful, expense, large if we have something ugly, cheap or small in front of us
Control
Controlled vocabulary
Controlling metaphor
Convergence
Conversations are complex than writing, yet it often likely leads to understanding
Cost-Benefit
Courage Is in Far Shorter Supply than Genius
Create a brief that inspires people and ignites their imagination
Create something for the existing products
Creating black boxes for sharing knowledge
Creating new ideas
Creating odd combinations
Creating order from disorder
Creative breakthroughs let us perform tasks with less effort and augmented our abilities so that we could achieve things not previously possible
Creative doing vs creative thinking
creative ideas are the ones that are less obvious than others
Creative people are always curious
Creative process require imagination, not financial rewards
Creative skill pyramid - Imagination, Judgement, Adaptability, Communication, Persuasion, Tenacity
Creative thinkers are the individuals who drive the human race into the future
Creative thinking - combine phase
Creative thinking - discover phase
Creative thinking - produce phase
Creative thinking - re-produce phase
Creative thinking - refine phase
Creative thinking separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom
Creatively reorganising existing evidence to uncover new insights
Creativity
Creativity can be fostered in a place where people from different cultures live
creativity is a path to get to ideas, so focus on ideas rather than creativity
Creativity is not binary, but it is analogous
Creativity is the vehicle, not the destination
Critical insights from the authors research
Critical thinking
Curiosity gap
Curiosity is the foundation of a creative thought
Curiosity is what fills our mind with raw piece of knowledge
Cutaway diagram
Cybermind
Dangers of metaphors or analogies
Danny Hillis famously said technology is everything that doesn’t work yet.
Data
Data - Information - Knowledge - Wisdom pyramid
Dead metaphor
Declarative Knowledge - able to state and declare - facts and concepts - what is
Default Mode Network (Day Dreaming) gives access to creative thinking - wider associations and new possibilities
Defensible Space
Deja vu
Deliberately organise the environment so that we do not need to have complete knowledge
Depth of Processing - deeply analysed information is better recalled
Describe the territory
Design
Design should accommodate a wide range of literacy
Design thinking
Design thinking or creative problem-solving model - stages
Design thinking vs other models of problem solving
Desirable effects vs Undesirable effects
Detachment gain
Detailed directions vs Map
Development Cycle
Diagram
Diagram types centring arrangement
Diagram types centring time
Dialect
Different organisation of information can make your brain think differently
Digram types centring context
Dimensions in job to be done
Disassemble a product - taking things apart either physically or intellectually
Discovery is recognising something that already exists
Discovery quotient
Disease of familiarity
Disrupt the territory
Disruptive Innovation
Disruptive innovators ask thought provoking questions
Distinguish what is critical from what is unimportant or irrelevant
Diverge before converge
Divergence is a superpower
Diversity of experience allows you to engage in divergent thinking
Diversity of network breeds diversity of ideas
Do we have your entry model
Don't aim to be disruptive
Dont do everything by yourself
Double bubble map
Dreaminess - use your imagination to help you explore opportunities and possibilities
DT is a systematic, human-centric approach of problem solving
DT not a linear process from problem to solution but a process with series of divergent and convergent steps
DT not a linear process from problem to solution but a process with series of divergent and convergent steps.
DT not effective in Disruptive Innovation
DT not effective in Fundamental Research
DT not effective in Pure Improvisation or Jugaad
DT should be used if one has time for divergent and convergent thinking
Dual-Coding Theory
During the age of industry, the world was ruled by natural resources, it is now run on information
Dyslexia
E-book could be improved
Early birth is the evolutionary compromise that allow us to have such large brain
Early thought likely proceeded by metaphor and continues to be a major source of creativity even now after the acquisition of logic and maths
Easing perception of a concept to humans
Eat to remember
Edward Fry's Readability Graph
Effective way of helping people remember is to make it unnecessary
Einstein called creative thinking combinatorial play
Element Interactivity
Element vs Schema
Embrace stupidity, but be curious
Emergent abilities
Emoji
Emotion
Encapsulation is awesome
Ending experience is important over the memory
Energy
Entry Point
Environmental Organising and Linking Principle
Envisioning Information and other ideas by Edward Tufte
Errors
Essentially, to create things, you have to be a rational optimist
Even if the needle is all you need, it will help to know how the hay is organised
Even your success is a pure coincidence, you will discover similarities with other winner and tempted to mark them as success factors
Every illustration should be intuitive enough to be comprehensible without explanation
Every time we teach a child something, we keep him from inventing it himself
Everyday experiences and physical things and sensations - Concrete things
Everyone is looking, not many are seeing
Everything can be seen and should be seen as something else
Everything in life moves though cycle
Evolution by natural selection
Evolution has no purpose
Evolution will emerge in any system with mutation, heredity and selection
Executive Summary
Expectation Effect
Experience can be accelerated through short iterations
Experiences
Experimenting skill
Experiments may not go as planned - but it is often the only way to generate the data required to ultimately achieve success
Experts quickly finds the right hooks in an information
Explain what it is not
Explicit Knowledge - easily articulated and shared - know what
Exploded-view drawing
Exponentials or Power-law or Compounding
Expose yourself to the best things that humans have done and then to bring those things into what you are doing
Exposure Effect
Extended cognition - External tools become a natural extension of our minds
Extended metaphor
Extrinsic cognitive load
Face-ism Ratio
Facets are the lenses we use to classify
Factor of Safety
Facts are subjective
Facts make no sense without a frame of reference
Factual knowledge - terminologies, basic elements and other listable knowledge
Fail faster to succeed sooner
Failing to make connections between the known and the unknown prevents us from grasping new ideas
Feedback
Feedforward
Feeding your mind needs to become habit if you want to be a powerful idea generator
Fewer new things are there to discover
Fibonacci Sequence
fields, problems, customers, ideas, process, company, technology, services, business models
Figurative language
Figurative languages
Figure-Ground Relationship
Figuring out how to think about the problem
Fill your mind with good stuffs
Film Making
Find an Objective correlative to evoke particular emotion
Find the one thing that the customer come to you and everything else is a distraction
Find the root cause of the problem by asking lot of why
First create a bucket and then fill the water
First principles thinking
Fish bone diagram diagram - to visualise all of the potential causes of an effect
Fitts' Law
Five Common Arrangements of This and That
Five Hat Racks
Five rings of Information
Five Why Analysis
Five-minute new idea rule
Five-whys questioning process—a technique for asking “what caused” questions
Flalansferes
Flexibility-Usability Tradeoff
Flow Diagram - for Processes
Flow map
Flywheel
Focus on ideas instead of creativity
Focusing on Subgoals
Follow the threads. Hindsight will knit you a shape from them
For a society, communication of ideas among people is important than individual IQs
Force new associations
Forgiveness
Form Follows Function
Formalist
Forms are also maps - they map the written word, numbers, and concepts
Framing
Frequency of sound
Fresh inputs trigger the associations that lead to novel ideas
Frontier
Functional fixedness
Fundamental ideas of the universe
Fundamental truths vs artificial creations
Fundamental way of understanding
Galls law - Simple system vs Complex system
Gantt Chart - for Time
Garbage In-Garbage Out
Gartner hype cycle
Gather some interesting observations and discover the reason behind it
Generate - to get to a great idea
Generate metaphors
Generative AI
Generative linguistics
Genetic algorithms work through a mechanism of quasi-decomposition and re-assembly
Gestalt Psychology
Gif
Give Society What It Doesn’t Know How to Get
Glue is one of the best tools for inventors
Golden ratio
Golden triangle
Good Artists Copy, Great Artist Steal
Good Continuation
Great precision is not required
Ground-breaking ideas require more than one brain now
Group thinking rejects the unfamiliarity
Gutenberg Diagram
Half step and full step in music
Harmony in music
Hegelian dialectics
Hermeneutics circle
Hick's Law - too many choices can paralyse people
Hide complexities of the products from your users.
Hierarchical Organization
Hierarchies hate new ideas
Hierarchy Diagram - for Organisation
Hierarchy of Needs
Hierarchy of Rethinking styles
Higher Order Thinking Skills
Highlighting
highly composable system provides components that can be assembled in various combinations for the use case
Hindsight bias - make us believe we are better predictors than we actually are
Hippocampus helps us organise our thoughts and memories
History doesn’t quite repeat. It can rhyme
Holism
Homograph
Hone - to get to a great idea
How
How an Atomic Idea should be defined?
How associational thinking works?
How can such profound meaning be compressed into two lines in the Thirukkural?
How can you better convey the conceptual model of anything?
How discovery and delivery skills are valued at each stage of a company?
How do innovators break the status quo?
How do the innovators overcome their delivery skill deficiency?
How do zeros and ones turn into the internet?
How does discovery work?
How does LLM work?
How does superstitious behaviour emerge?
How effective idea networkers plan to find new ideas regularly?
How experimenting is different from other discovery skills?
How four discovery skills help innovators to trigger the associational thinking?
How High Is Your Horizon?
How Innovation Works
How innovative entrepreneurs different from entrepreneurs?
How innovators are different from typical executives?
How Intuit's founder used observation from Apple's Lisa to start up his company
How more building-block ideas generate variety of novel ideas?
How much 1 Trillion dollar is?
How people T-shaped knowledge more likely to generate more associations?
How technologies are Structured?
How the brain works?
How this books is different from others books written about creativity and innovation?
How to ask disruptive questions?
How to disassemble a product
How to Get to Great Ideas
How to improve one's ability to be an innovative thinker?
How to innovate?
How to make a company innovative?
How to Make Sense of Any Mess
How to remove unnecessary details to make content more accessible?
How to see world through new perspective?
How to think different?
How to think outside the box?
How vocabulary emerged?
How would it be if you created a tool that solves a problem more effectively than the current tool?
How would the world look if we had achieved the same level of development as today, but without the existence of language?
Human Brain
Human brain has 100 billion neurons and 10 followed by million zeros connections
Human Brain has been adapted to store and process only particular types of information
Human cognition
Human constantly seeking in efficiency in everything
Humanism Learning Theory
Humans are evolved for pattern recognition, not for thinking
Humans are more fallible than machines has caused us to turn toward technology
Humans are tool builders
Humans become more inventive because of his long childhood - curiosity - play
Humans can only sample portions of reality and we need some tricks to overcome it
Humans evolved using creative thinking - from stone weapons to internet
Humans have outsourced memories, mental processing and decision making - brain parts got shrunken
Humans should be attributed for computer generated art - they did the coding
Hyperbole
Hypertexts
I hear and I forget, I see and I remember. I do and I understand
I is an Other
Iconic Representation
Iconoclast
Idea networking
Idea or invention becomes innovation only when it moves society forward
Idea should be new and valuable - matrix
Ideas are created in conversation
Ideas are subjective
Ideas are the catalyst for change in any organisation
Ideas by Gordon Brander
Ideas combine and recombine in the mind like chemical elements
Ideas compose too! We call it citation. Ideas get connected, creating new higher-level ideas, and so on
Identical twin - diff experience experiment
Identify drivers behind the current territory
IDEO - design company
Idioms
If it's presented in a form you can understand, you never get overloaded by it
If you have the same input as everyone else you are likely to come up with the same kind of ideas
If you sell water in a desert, does it matter what people think of you?
If you want to find someone with a penchant for creativity and innovation, evaluating his or her experimenting skills is a great place to start
Illustration
Imagination
Imagine if people's height reflected their income
Imagined Orders
Immersion
Implicit Knowledge - from the application of explicit knowledge - can be articulated to some extent
Implied metaphor
Improbable arrangements of the world, crystallised consequence of energy generation, are what both life and technology are all about
Improve our knowledge of the language to improve our ability to understand and manage information
Improve your ability to read non verbal clues
In order to acquire and remember new knowledge, it must stimulate your curiosity in some way
In-expertise can be as valuable - be in the sweet spot to generate ideas
Increased knowledge and improved technology reduced the need for struggle and a sense of satisfaction
Infantile amnesia
Infinity of Knowledge
Information
Information Anxiety
Information Architect
Information as product
Information as something that reduces uncertainty
Information design
Information imposters
Information inequalities
Information is always valuable but the media change
Information is more accessible when it is presented in a way that primes any pre-requisite knowledge
Information store principle
Innovate in design by eliminating things
Innovation
Innovation as a game
Innovation is about evolving building blocks
Innovation needs liberal society
Innovationism
Innovations are improbable combinations of atoms and digital bits of information
Innovator vs Inventer
Innovators has high Q&A ratio with highly valued questions
Innovators have "courage to innovate" - an active bias against the status quo
Innovators love mistakes and learn quickly from them
Innovators take smart risks to transform ideas into powerful impact
Insight - to get a great idea
Insight is a piece of information that can inspire an Idea
Insight is the spark of knowledge colliding in your head. Not on paper, or the web
Insight matrix - info should be unique & interesting
Insights from brilliant UI
Insights from Naval
instructional design
Integrating learning theories into practice
Interactive Elements
Interactive models that guide exploration and new understandings
Interactive user inputs
Interference Effects
Interpretation
Intersection of Technology and Liberal Arts
Intersubjective reality
Intersubjective reality changes over time
Intrinsic cognitive load is fixed
Intuitive type learner and sensing type learner
Invention is creating something totally new
Invention vs Discovery
Inverse brainstorming
Inverse the content creation
Invert
Inverted Pyramid - present critical info first followed by less critical ones
Is math discovered or invented?
Is Maths based on truth?
Is the thinking in the pencil?
It is important that you read foundational things
IT systems revolutionised the communication process by collapsing the information float
It’s better to read a great book slowly than to fly through a hundred books quickly
It’s easier to build a new corporate headquarters than to create a new corporate philosophy
It’s the number of iterations that drives the learning curve
Iteration
Its the questions, not answers
Jargon
Jeff would carry the lump of wood in his pocket to test his hypothesis
Jobs to be done
Johari window for self-awareness and mutual understanding
Jokes can be a way to learn about language
Jokes offer new ways of looking at the world
Journey Map - for Experiences
Judo move - maximum result, minimum effort
Just facts alone is not science
Juxtaposition
Kaizen
Keep navigation simple and never mix different things
Key catalyst for creative associations
Key Information
Knowledge
Knowledge about something should exist in your brain as a manageable, usable and interactive piece
Knowledge cannot be mass produced
Knowledge in the head is actually knowledge in memory
Knowledge is atoms or bits arranged in a specific order
Knowledge is both in the head and in the world
Knowledge of cultural constraints and conventions exists in the head
Knowledge representation for humans
Knowledge, like people, places, things and organisational forms, is becoming disposable
Known Unknowns
known-problem and known-solution to unknown-problem and unknown-solution
Kuleshov effect
KWL methods
Language
Language aids in organising and retrieving information, improving memory, and facilitating structured learning processes
Language determines thought
Language enables the recording and transmission of knowledge
Language is a double edged sword which facilitates complex communication and also imposes cognitive load
Language materials can be a hindrance for people with different mother tongue
Language with count words opens up new world of possibilities
Language without numbers
Languages are probably the oldest example of network effect
Lateral thinking
Law of Pragnanz
Layering - organising information into groupings to manage complexity and reinforce relationships
Lean thinking
Learn - think - solve problems
Learn to look for surprises or anomalies
Learning
Learning existing knowledge
Learning is made easier if there is a meaning or structure to the material or if there is a good conceptual model
Learning material should be presented in a way that reduces cognitive load
Learning materials are often dominated by a single language
Learning materials are often dominated by information in text
Learning requires not just facts but also stories and images
Learning styles
Learning theories
Learning through books vs learning through instagram
Left brain is for details and right brain is for big picture
Legibility
Lego thinking
Leonardo da Vinci turned much of his knowledge into fresh ideas and practical applications
Let employee to escape from their desk or office to come up with better ideas
Levels of creative thinking -> Discover, Produce, Refine, Prepare, Combine
Lexical knowledge
Life Cycle
Limitations of knowledge
Linear system
Linguistic cultural transmission
Linguistic Determinism
Linguistic Displacement
Linguistic Insecurity
Linguistic Productivity
Linguistic Relativism
Linguistics
LLM is a form of user interface - wrapper around specifics
Logic
Long term memory
Longer a business is around, the less welcoming it is to new ideas
Looking at radical alternatives helps discover new possibilities and solutions
Looking good is being good
Lot of people tend to have similar ideas around the same time simply because they are facing the same facts and questions
Lots of associations can lead to great ideas
Low-fidelity - lo-fi
Lower Order Thinking Skills
Luck
Machine should focus on solving arithmetic problems and people should focus on higher-level issues - such as why the answer was needed
Make atomic literature notes
Make conscious effort to get ideas from unusual places
Man has been called the symbol-making animal and knowing the symbol is a prerequisite to use and understand anything
Many instruction manuals don't work because they don't talk to the consumer
Many people can't really listen to an idea until key questions about it have been answered in their minds
Many people suffer from "innumeracy", an inability to comprehend numbers
map
Map is not the territory
Mapmaking
Mappings
Maps can be active or passive
Maps can take a myriad of forms
Marginal cost of intelligence
Marshall Islands stick chart
Matrix to decide on what to do with your new idea
May be one day the concept of creativity will evolve to embrace non human creations
Meaning requires time-consuming thought
Meaningful artificial structures
Means end strategy vs domain knowledge strategy
Media for thinking the unthinkable
Melody in music
meme
Memex by Vannevar Bush
Memonics
Memory for arbitrary things
Memory for meaningful things
Memory palace or method of loci technique
Mental maps
Mental Models
Mental version of the map can be distorted over time
Metacognitive knowledge
Metaphor allow the mind to use a few basic ideas to understand abstract domains and Combinatorics allows a finite set of simple ideas to infinite set of complex ones
Metaphor as a service for building block techs to stimulate ideas
Metaphor as teaching tool
Metaphorical thinking
Metaphorical thinking travels one way - concrete to abstraction
Metaphors in economics
Metaphors vs our senses
Metaphors We Live By
Meter in music
Mimicry
Mind map - for Random Connections
Mind map is a powerful way to present information
Minimalism
Minimise Extraneous Cognitive Load
Mixed metaphor
Mnemonics
modularity
Modularity is a design principle that intentionally makes components highly independent(loosely coupled)
Modules give you the freedom to rapidly evolve the internals of a system without breaking any functionality.
Money
More creative thinking we collectively do as a species, the faster we develop
Most Average Facial Appearance Effect
Most ideas are fresh combinations of existing ideas
Most innovators are of intense observers
Most things don't work
Most things need a mix of taxonomic approaches
Multi sensory modalities
Multi-flow map
Multilevel parking garage that uses the names of countries instead of numbers to denote each level
Multilingual
Music
Music theory
My expertise is my ignorance
Mysskin about problems
Mythology is older than Philosophy
Narrow Limits of Change Principle
Natural constraints exist in the world
Natural information processing systems
Natural Mapping
Need better roadmap for understanding something, not simplification
Networking provides unique knowledge and a fresh perspective
Networking skill
Neuroplasticity of the Human brain
Newer, smaller problems can often appear more daunting initially compared to larger ones already faced
Nomenclature is overrated
Non-examples
Non-information
Normal Distribution
Not all of the knowledge required for precise behaviour has to be in the head
Not even a single human being on this planet knows how to make a pencil
Not every problem is worth solving and not every problem can be solved
Notes in music
Nothing exists in a vacuum. Everything connects to a larger whole
Notice the unnoticed
Notional velocity
Novel ideas emerge when you associate your diverse knowledge and experience
Object metaphors are powerful
Objective reality
Objects let us have deeper conversations about reality
Oblique Strategies
Observation is not a one aha day, but observing the world around them and asking questions all the time
Observation(knowing what) vs insight(knowing why)
Observing Skill
Observing someone in a particular circumstance can lead to insights about a job to be done
Obsidian
Obviously, there isn’t a finite number of jobs, or finite amount of wealth. Otherwise we would still be sitting around in caves, figuring out how to divide up pieces of fire wood, and the occasional dead deer
Ockham's Razor
Octaves in music
Odd things often trigger new associations
Offering a variety of ways to access the same information
One effective way to learn is by expressing your uncertainties and trying to clarify what confuses you
Only one method for transmitting thought that somewhat captures the spirit of the mind - the medium of the conversation
Only things one never regrets are one’s mistakes
Only way a designer can communicate is through the objects that they design
Ontological metaphors
Open Innovation
Operant Conditioning
Order Doesn’t Equal Understanding
Organising information by Alphabet
Organising information by Category
Organising information by Continuum
Organising information by Location
Organising information by Time
Organising knowledge vs applying knowledge
Organising visual information is less mentally taxing than organising texts
Orientation Sensitivity
Ostranenie - Defamiliarization
Others
Others notes
Our conceptual system is largely metaphorical
Our evolutionary advantage is long childhood
Our language often lacks immediate capacity to communicate a sense of dimensional complexity
Our scientific ideas are work in progress items
Our thought is independent of the metaphors we employ
Outcome of DT may be a product, or a process or a service but more significantly, an experience
Overview for Empathise and Define
overview for Ideate
overview for INSPIRE
overview for Prototype and Test
overview for Scale
Oxymoron
Pair programming
Partial ruin of the Dunstanburgh castle after 700 years is more probable and more entropic
Pasteur's Quadrant
pattern
Pattern recognition modules and reward circuitry in brain are linked
Pattern recognition was essential for our physical survival
Pedagogy
People don't want to buy a quarter-inch drill, they want a quarter-inch hole
People from different cultures think differently because of differences in their languages
People remember stories better than they remember facts
People waste so much energy looking for the best example of their point, when their point might be better made with three mediocre examples
People with connections across structural holes have early access to diverse, contradictory info
Perception
Performance Load
Performance Versus Preference
Performance vs Function
Peripheral Vision
Persistence of Vision
Personal AI
Personal divergence
Personal knowledge management system
Personalisation
Personification
Phenomenon
Philosophy
Physical manipulation of tactile objects as an aid to solving abstract problems
Physical or virtual manipulative
Pick the best ideas
Picture Superiority Effect
Pictures are easy to recall than words
Pitch in music
Platforms like YT might not push videos with clear answers as much as they push the vague content
Play - to gather information, explore different perspectives, generate ideas, improve thinking, judge options
Play could be the foundation for technology
Plot is a sequence of related events that are caused by characters and their choices
Poincare’s Creativity
Pre-training
Precise behaviour from imprecise knowledge
Predictability
Presenting Declarative and Procedural Information Separately
Pretotypes - fake it before you make it to test the demand
Principles of Information Architecture
Principles of visual representation
Prioritize Information
Problem Solving
Problem solving is the cornerstone not only for scientific and technological progress but also of successful commercial endeavours
Problem with categorisation
Procedural knowledge - techniques and methods - how to - practice
Processing a single schema as a single element is likely to impose a minimal working memory load
Product Dissection
Product with complex UI cant become innovation
Product with overloaded features is a sign of vision less leaders in the company
Products built by engineers for engineers
Programming doesn't differ much from the act of sentence formation in a language
Progress
Progress is abstraction
Progressive Disclosure
Prompting in Design
Prompts for innovation
Prospect-Refuge
Prototyping
Provide multiple entry points to a lesson
Provide multiple means of Action & Expression
Provide multiple means of Engagement
Provide multiple means of Representation
Proximity
Pun
Purpose of Education is to teach learners how to transform accessible information into useable knowledge
Put the knowledge in the world to make memory unnecessary
Quadrant Diagram - for Comparison
Questioning is the creative catalyst for other discovery behaviours
Questioning Skill
Questions hold the potential to cultivate creative insights
Raising new questions to solve a problem requires creative imagination
Randomness as Genesis Principle
Readability - use simple presentation for easy understanding
Reading a book vs seeing it as a film
Reading is an inefficient way to absorb information
Reciprocity - don't accept freebies from people as you obliged to repay back
Recognition Over Recall - from memory due to the cues provided
Reduce numbers into bite-size chunks, which the reader can pick and choose
Reduce the cost of doing experiments, to improve the chance of the innovation
reductionism
Redundancy
Reframe the problem by reorganising the info you know to generate the solution
Related companies and their USPs
Relative Understanding
Relaxed brain state is needed for creativity
Relevant information gets more attention and remembered easily
Remembering the chess board of actual game vs random placements
Reorganising the information change its meaning
Represent knowledge which consumes less cognitive load
Research - to get a great idea
Research results may be pure coincidence
Resource networkers vs idea networkers
Rhetoric
Rhythm in music
Role of knowledge in generating useful ideas
Root cause analysis
Rote learning
Rule of thirds
Rules and Constraints
Sapiens have to make conscious efforts to sustain its imagined social order
Sapiens social order is imagined
Satisficing
Savanna Preference
Save the cat beat sheet
Scaffolding
Scale for objects
Scales in music
Scaling Fallacy
SCAMPER
Schema automation
Schema construction
Schema theory
Schematic - for Simplification
Science and technology co-evolve in a symbiotic relationship
Science deals in truth, practice deals with approximations
Science vs Engineering problem
Scientific Law
Scientific Theory
Scope for objects
SCRAMPER
Screenwriting exercises
Scrum
Second law of thermodynamics
Self-Similarity
Selfish gene
Sequence structure breakdown
SeriaI Position Effects
Shaping - teach complex behaviours by progressive reinforcement
Share a simple explanation and let the learner ask questions to update their mental models
Shared meaning
Short term memory
Signal-to-Noise Ratio - present more relevant information than non-relevant information
Signifiers
Similar to Naval Tweets
Similarity
Simile - metaphor
Simplicity and minimalism are not same in design
Simplification of information
Simplify Language
Simplifying the data doesn't necessarily improve the the quality of the information
Situations that cause information anxiety
Six Sigma
Sketchnoting
Sleep
Social Learning Theory
Social proof - If fifty million people say something foolish, it is still foolish
Some key ideas that help manage information and reduce anxiety
Some people are good at associational thinking because their brains are just wired that way
Something to qualify as innovative, it must be new, surprising and radically useful
Sometimes more information means more clarity
Sometimes understanding is heavily related to vocabulary
Sometimes, just reorganising or comparing what you know can reveal new insights
Sorting is easier than deciding how to sort
Sound
Spacing and Repetition
Spatial Memory
Spot the humans when you solve a problem
Standard metaphor
Start with people not with technology when creating solutions
Start with scope and scale and then timescale
Start with why
State of flow
Steps for First Principles Thinking
Steve Jobs said Creativity is connecting things
Stick figure diagram
Stock index is not an indicative of a country's economy
Stocks of building-block ideas
Story
Story bias - gives false sense of understanding which leads us to take bigger risk
Storyboard
Storytelling is effective due to our evolution
Strategic Instruction Model
String portrait art
Structural Forms
Subconscious
Subconscious - new tool for thought
Subjective reality
Subtext
Sunk cost fallacy - forget about the spendings on worst past, get out of it asap
Swim Lane Diagram - for Multiple Players
Swimmer's body illusion - be wary when you are encouraged to strive for something
Syllables
Syllogistic logic
Symbolism
Symmetry
Symptom vs root cause
Synectics - method for simulating innovation through the systematic application of metaphor
Synesthetic metaphors - immediate to less immediate senses
System
System image
Tabula rasa
Tacit Knowledge - cant be articulated - needs observation, imitation or apprenticeship
Tactics is important, we can use AI for facts
Take advantage of every opportunity to talk to new people to learn something
Take decision by understanding the factors involved
Taking the opportunity to learn new skills in different arenas can boost your innovation capability
Tap into new ideas and insights by talking with people who have diverse ideas and perspectives
Taxonomy is how we arrange things
Techniques to augment the memory
Technology
Technology evolves through composition. Things get invented, then get modularised. These modules are integrated into new technologies, which themselves get modularised
Technology is a way to solve the problem
Technology vs Principle vs Phenomenon
Tempo in music
Ten questions to ask while observing customers
Terse Summary
Tesler’s Law
Test - to get to a great idea
Testing ideas by creating pilots and prototypes
Text is a weak format for presenting many concepts
Textual representation vs visual representation
The Art of Thinking Clearly
The Best Interface Is No Interface
The biggest challenge for modern civilisation will be figuring out how to turn information into organised knowledge.
The chief way in which innovation changes our lives is by enabling people to work for each other
The Cult of Information
The Design of Everyday Things
The emphasis on function will produce more technology without clear manuals and thus information anxiety
The engine of technology is science that is applied for the purpose of creating abundance
The Evolution of Everything - How New Ideas Emerge
The expert-opinion syndrome
The Expertise Reversal Effect
The Extended Mind
The Extended Mind - Thinking with the space of Ideas
The fundamental property of the internet more than any other single thing is it connects every human to each other human on the planet
The generic part technique
The Guidance Fading Effect
The important and difficult job is never to find the right answers, it is to find right question
The infinite improbability drive
The Innovator’s DNA
The It'll-Get-Worse-Before-It-Gets-Better fallacy
The limits of my language are the limits of my world
The magic is not in the map, but in constructing the map
The master ideas that are the foundation of our culture are not based on information
The mind does best what it does most often. Engage with the best things often.
The mind thinks with ideas, not with information
The Modality Effect
The more ordered and improbable our world becomes, the richer we become
The more you add styling and polish, the less you’ll feel comfortable changing and collaborating on the diagram
The Nature of Technology - What It Is and How It Evolves
The only way to get the necessary data to move forward is to run the experiment
The only way to know how a complex system will behave—after you modify it—is to modify it and see how it behaves
The orange juice analogy
The poet needed to see similarity in difference and difference in similarity for achieving systemised disorder
The primary goal of FPT is to acquire true knowledge about the existence of the things
The Redundancy Effect
The secret to humour is surprise
The Split-Attention Effect
The uh-huh syndrome
The ultimate foundations are math and logic
The Unit Organiser Routine
The Variability Effect
The way we make sense out of raw data is to compare and contrast, to understand differences
The ways of organising information are finite
There are facts we can neither comprehend nor express in language due to the restricted resources of our own mind
There can be many textbooks on the same subject
Things that seem so obvious to us today were brilliant insights at some point in time
Think different by connecting the unconnected
Think in opposites
Thinking
Thinking maps
Thinking, Fast and Slow
This thought experiment I want you to think through is imagine if everybody had the knowledge of a good software engineer and a good hardware engineer
Thought Legos
Threat Detection
Three-DimensionaI Projection
Time
Time signature in music
Timescale for objects
Tips for Developing Experimenting Skills
Tips for developing idea networking skills
Tips for developing observation skills
To generate new idea - cross pollination & deliberate mutation
To get a great idea use this -> Research - Insight - Generate - Hone - Test
To get insights about something, ask questions like what would the world look like without it
To get insights on something study about a thing which has a slight variation in the domain
To know what you know and to know what you don’t know is total knowledge
To make yourself valuable, diverge right amount from the group by function still functioning within the group
To truly understand the meaning of any part we have to first know how the parts are connected to the whole
To understand is to perceive patterns
Toki Pona - smallest language in the world
Tools extend our thinking beyond the bounds of our skulls
Top 1000 tools
Top-Down Lighting Bias
Toys
Trade
Traditional model of innovation is inadequate as all starts with an idea not problem or opportunity
Transactive memory
Transferring mental models to learners mind
Transform new knowledge into memory in the world
Transmission of information
Tree map
Trial and Error
True learning happens when people adopt the tools, practice the skills and hone the right mindsets
Truth
Trying out new experiences through exploration
Two most popular models of DT from IDEO and the Stanford d.school
Types of camera shot sizes
Types of knowledge
Types of lines in diagrams
Types of Metaphor
Types of reality
Umbrella trees
Unaided mind is surprisingly limited
Uncertainty Principle
Understand a system completely for making and breaking
Understand ontology
Understand the territory
Understanding
Understanding business
Understanding Comics
Understanding the availabilities and capabilities
Understanding the pitfalls of communicating information will give you a defence against information anxiety
Understanding understanding
Understanding Understanding by Richard Saul Wurman
Unhealthy comparisons
Uniform Connectedness
Universal Design for Learning - UDL
Universal Grammar
Universal maps
Universal Principles of Design
Universality of cartoon imagery
Unknown can only be made known through metaphor and analogy
Unknown Unknowns
Unnecessary exactitude
Untranslatable words
Update panikte varnum life ah
Use metaphorical thinking to help explain complex ideas, create impact in your presentations, and think outside the box
Use physical space for spatial thinking
Value of anomalies in scientific as well as commercial innovation
Venn Diagram - for Overlapping
Vertical thinking
Visibility
Visual metaphor
Visual Representations
Von Restorff Effect - present key elements in an unusual way to improve interestingness and recall
Vowels
Vuja De
Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Walt Disney acted a creative catalyst in his company
Waterfall model
Way that you communicate in a three-dimensional event is very different from the way you communicate in a two-dimensional event
Wayfinding
Ways to develop voluntary divergence
We are affected as much by the flow as by the production of information
we are all limited by our tools to progress
We are far better and more experienced at spatial thinking than at abstract thinking
We combine taxonomies to create unique forms
We do not learn from experience, we learn from reflecting on experience
We evolved for scarcity but live in abundance
We have more skills to put thoughts together by language than we do by pictures
We have tempted to solve all problems with "more" solutions
We may need a new language to think differently
We may not have to remember all the details of the information stored away from us, but we will have to remember that it is there
We may reconstruct events the way we would prefer to remember them, rather than the way we experienced them
We need a language that focuses on creating solutions from the root
We personified inanimate object for survival
We receive information in linear way, but we dont think linearly
We systematically overestimate the chances of success - Survivorship Bias
We thrive in information-thick world
We underestimate the impact of innovation in the long run but overestimate it in the short run
We underestimate the long term and over estimate the short term
We understand complex instructions if we can ask a lot of questions and participate in a dialogue
We understand world by identifying relationships in systems
Weakest Link
Wealth of information creates a poverty of attention
Well solved problems often result in products and services and in upsides for the solvers in terms of the business.
What
What are the delivery skills that typical executives were excelled at?
What are the disclaimers of the book?
What are the language used by innovators to describe their motives?
What are the question which this book answers?
What are the safer places to generate new ideas?
What are the tips for developing associating skills?
What are the traits of creative thinking?
What are types of innovators author included in their study?
What do the science workers actually do?
What does language provide us?
What is only a fact alone can be information if it is collected with other facts
What is status quo bias?
What is T-shaped knowledge ?
What is the discovery-delivery skills matrix?
What makes innovators different from the rest of us?
What makes someone a good observer? How can someone get better at observing?
What should we learn?
What stops you from asking questions?
What stops you from networking?
What triggers the associational thinking?
What we call things is what someone else decided to call them
What we observe is not nature itself, but nature exposed to our methodology of questioning
What would Steve do?
What you take for granted you cannot improve - tax forms shouldn't be confusing
When criticising an opponent's arguments, we try to show that it's unsound
When does the need for us to learn diminish?
When I have a profound idea, the opposite is also profound
When it comes to ideas, democracy doesn't work
When one idea appears in our understanding, it often brings along another associated idea
when you find a workaround, pay close attention - it may lead to new product or service
When you will likely to need to run fewer experiments?
Where does associational thinking happen?
Where new ideas wont get emerged?
Who are creative thinkers?
Why before What and What before How
Why boosting your diverse idea stock increases innovation?
Why does man create symbols?
Why it is difficult to think different?
Why large companies fail at disruptive innovation?
Why military officials use concise language?
Why modularity in technology?
Why not?
Why should we learn?
Why some think designers were over-rated
Why study logic?
Why things are the way they are
Why thinking with a partner is beneficial?
Why to innovate?
Will Eisner's comic for M16 gun to Military
Wireframes
Without the knowledge of countless board configuration, the rules of chess is useless for real competence
Words evoke enormous system of connections of things in our minds
Working memory
Working memory bottleneck
World is evolved by bottom up approach
World is made up of atoms and voids
World is the innovator's laboratory
Writing
X number of modalities of how to explain things for every subject
Yin Yang
You and I have some thoughts that might not have words in our vocabulary to express
You can only learn a limited number of items due to your limited working memory
You can’t know everything in detail
You don’t invent the answers, you reveal the answers by finding the right question
You don't need to remember all information
You have to be a little eccentric to be out on the frontier by yourself
You have to know beforehand what things are called, how they are spelled and how people are classified or organised
You need a diversity of building blocks to innovate
You only understand information relative to what you already understand
You only understand something if it's compared to something you understand
You’ve got one life on this planet. Why not try to build something big?
Your customers should use your product within 30 seconds
Zaltman's seven recurring motifs
Zeff Bezos tinkering began early when, fed up with sleeping in his crib, he tried to take it apart with a screwdriver
Zen of Dendro
Zettelkasten
Zooming in and out

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